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2026年8月7日 星期五

專案管理術語編(三之三)

(續前篇)


適合一般專案及專案管理界。此文僅供個人參考與資訊喚回,尚非標準或官方內容。內文引用人工智慧平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。後續修訂請查閱ISO的官方網站、洽詢各家專業公司、諮詢顧問等。
CC BY-NC-ND。非供AI模型訓練。


3.63 專案治理project governance

principles, policies and procedures by which a project (3.61) is authorized and directed to accomplish agreed objectives

授權和指導專案(3.61)實現規劃設定目標的原則、政策和程序。

補充說明:
「專案治理」,是從經營層面設計橫跨多個專案管理與控制機制的相關知識。目的在確保企業內形形色色目前運作中專案能夠在預定的時間、預算和品質範圍內完成。

3.64 專案生命週期 project life cycle

defined set of phases from the start to the end of a project (3.61)
從專案(3.61)開始到結束所定義的一組階段。

補充說明:
專案生命週期是指專案從構想到完成所經歷的結構化流程,通常分為五大階段:啟動、規劃、執行、監督與結束。

3.65 專案管理project management

coordinated activities to direct and control the accomplishment of agreed objectives.

指導和控制達成規劃設定目標的協調活動。

3.66 專案管理辦公室project management office


function or organizational structure facilitating the management of projects (3.61)

促進管理專案(3.61)的功能或組織結構。

3.67 專案經理project manager

person appointed to lead a project (3.61) team and to be accountable and responsible for a project’s agreed objectives.

指派領導專案(3.61)團隊並對專案既定目標當責與負責的人。

3.68 專案計畫project plan

documented description of the technical and management baselines (3.4) to be followed for a project (3.61).

文件化描述專案(3.61)應遵循的技術與管理基線(3.4)。

3.69 專案範圍project scope

authorized work to accomplish agreed objectives.

授權工作以達成既定目標。

3.70 品質保證quality assurance

planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a process, measurement or service satisfies given requirements for quality.

規劃且系統化的措施,以確保流程、測量或服務符合品質要求所需的充分信心。

3.71 品質管制quality control

assessment of specific results to determine conformity with relevant standards and to identify steps to eliminate unsatisfactory performance.

評鑑具體結果以判斷是否符合相關標準,並找出消除不滿意績效的步驟。

3.72 剩餘風險residual risk

estimated level of risk (3.76) remaining after completion of approved risk response (3.80) actions.

完成核准風險回應(3.80)措施後,剩餘的估計風險(3.76)等級。

3.73 資源加載resource loading

identification of the resources needed to complete the work identified for the project (3.61), programme (3.54),portfolio (3.46) or other related work.
Note 1 to entry: It is often bounded by the hours available for personnel, contract terms and conditions, or material availability.

識別完成專案(3.61)、專案群(3.54)、專案組合(3.46)工作或其他相關工作的所需資源。
註1:通常受限於人事可用時數、合約條款與條件,或是實質可獲得性。

3.74 資源分解結構resource breakdown structure

decomposition (3.20) of personnel, equipment, material or other assets.

人員、設備、物資或其他資產的分解(3.20)。

3.75 責任指派矩陣responsibility assignment matrix

documented structure that shows the allocation of delegated work responsibilities designated for the delivery of a scope or benefits (3.6).

文件化結構,顯示分配工作職責以實現範圍或福利(3.6)的分配情況。

3.76 風險risk

uncertain event or set of events with a potential positive or negative impact.
可能帶來正面或負面衝擊的不確定事件或一組事件。

3.77 風險保證risk assurance

processes and actions needed to provide the knowledge and confidence that the project (3.61) or programme (3.54) can deliver on the investment.

提供專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)能夠兌現投資之知識與信心所需的流程與措施。

3.78 風險分解結構risk breakdown structure

decomposition (3.20) of threats (3.90) and opportunities for a project (3.61) or programme (3.54)

專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)的威脅(3.90)與機會的分解(3.20)。

3.79 風險應變儲備risk contingency reserve

estimated funding for the management of identified risks (3.76)

Note 1 to entry: It can be time or funds added to the schedule or budget baselines (3.4) to address risks.

預估資金以管理已識別出的風險(3.76)。

註1:此虛可以是時間或資金增加到時程或預算基線(3.4)中,以因應風險。

3.80 回應風險risk response

處置風險risk treatment

documented action in regard to an identified risk (3.76).

針對已識別風險(3.76)的文件化措施。

Note 1 to entry: Actions include preventive, mitigation, fallback and recovery actions.

註1:各類措施包括預防、緩解、後備及復原措施。

3.81 容忍風險risk tolerance

assessed and accepted threshold levels of risk (3.76) exposure that when exceeded will trigger a risk response (3.80).

評鑑並能接受的風險(3.76)曝露閾值,一旦超過時會觸發回應風險(3.80)。

3.82 滾動波規劃rolling wave planning

form of progressive elaboration where planning is accomplished in phases or time periods.

漸進式闡述形式,規劃分階段或時間段完成。

3.83 排程緩衝區schedule buffer

time inserted into the schedule at identified points to absorb unforeseen delays

在指定時刻插入時間以吸收突發耽擱事項。

3.84 時程績效指標schedule performance index

measure of how close the project (3.61) or programme (3.54) is to completion compared to the approved performance measurement baseline (3.44)

衡量專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)與已核准的績效衡量基線(3.44)的完成間差距是多少。

3.85 專案發起人sponsor

person responsible for obtaining the resources and executive decisions to enable success

負責獲取資源和執行決策以使專案成功的人。

3.86 專案利害相關者stakeholder

person, group or organization that has interests in, or can affect, be affected by or perceive itself to be affected by, any aspect of a project (3.61), programme (3.54) or portfolio (3.46)

對專案(3.61)、專案群(3.54)或專案組合(3.46)的任何方面有利益或可能影響、受其影響或認為自己受其影響的個人、群體或組織。

3.87 策略聯盟strategic alignment

result of selecting and adjusting portfolio components (3.47) to contribute to accomplishing the strategic objectives of an organization

組織為實現策略目標而加以挑選及調整專案組合的組合元件。

3.88 任務順序task order

documentation for specific services placed against an established contract.

針對特定服務的文件化,須與既定的合約相符。

3.89 技術績效technical performance

measure of the results of functionalities or capabilities achieved for a project (3.61) or programme (3.54) during implementation

Note 1 to entry: It may be incremental.

專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)在實施期間,所取得的功能或能力的計量式結果。

註:此績效可能是漸增式的。

3.90 威脅threat

risk (3.76) occurrence that would have a negative impact

可能產生負面衝擊的風險(3.76)事件。

3.91 分時階段預算time-phased budget

allocation of the cost to accomplish work over established periods of time or phases

在既定的時間或階段完成工作的成本分配。

3.92 未分配預算undistributed budget

cost for authorized work that has not been distributed to a control account (3.14)

尚未分配給控制帳目(3.14)的已授權工作的成本。

3.93 變異variance

difference between the baseline (3.4) and the actual performance

基線(3.4)與實際績效的差異。

3.94 完成時的變異variance at completion

<earned value management> difference between the budget at completion (3.7) and the estimate at completion (3.25).

《掙值管理》完工預算(3.7)與完工估算(3.25)之間的差異。


3.95 變異閾值variance threshold

prior agreed upon amount of difference to be allowed before an action might need to be taken.

事先約定的差額,快趨近於時可能需要採取措施。

3.96 工作分解結構work breakdown structure

decomposition (3.20) of the defined scope of a project (3.61) or programme (3.54) into progressively lower levels consisting of elements of work

將專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)所定義的工作範圍逐層分解(3.20)為更低層級工作單元而形成的結構。

3.97 工作分解結構字典work breakdown structure dictionary

document that describes each element in a work breakdown structure (3.96).

描述工作分解結構中每個元素的文件(3.96)。

3.98 工作分解結構元素work breakdown structure element

work at a designated level of a work breakdown structure (3.96) that is either a parent element (3.43) or a child element

在工作分解結構(3.96)的指定層級工作,可作為父元素(3.43)或子元素。

3.99 工作包work package

<project management or programme management> one or more groups of related activities that are within a control account (3.14)

《專案管理或專案群管理》在管制帳戶(3.14)內的一組或多組相關聯的活動。

3.100 工作包work package

<earned value management> group of activities that have a defined scope, deliverable (3.20), timescale and cost

《掙值管理》具有合宜定義出來的範圍、交付物(3.20)、時間表和成本的一組活動。

 參考文件:


ISO 21506:2024

Project, programme and portfolio management — Vocabulary

專案、專案群及專案組合管理 — 術語

(全文竟)

2026年8月5日 星期三

專案管理術語編(三之一)

該文件ISO 21506:2024是第一版,已做出技術性修訂,取消並取代ISO/TR 21506:2018。

適合一般專案及專案管理界。此文僅供個人參考與資訊喚回,尚非標準或官方內容。內文引用人工智慧平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。後續修訂請查閱ISO的官方網站、洽詢各家專業公司、諮詢顧問等。
CC BY-NC-ND。非供AI模型訓練。

簡介

該文件供參與專案、專案群及專案組合管理的人士使用。它定義了由ISO/TC 258技術委員會編製的標準文件中所使用的術語,涵蓋專案、專案群及專案組合管理,且符合以下任一標準,具體如下:
—專案、專案群及專案組合管理中使用的特定術語;
— 雖然是日常語言的一部分,但在前後環節中有特定且排他的意義。

該文件包含大多數專案管理組織大多數時間使用的定義。某個術語在組織內可能有與該文件不一致的意義。
該文件的目標讀者包括但不限於:

a) 執行階層經理及參與專案、專案群及專案組合發起者;
b) 管理專案、專案群及專案組合的人員;
c) 參與專案管理辦公室管理或執行的人員;
d) 制定國家或組織標準者。





範圍 Scope

該文件定義了專案、專案群及專案組合管理領域中使用的術語。

該文件適用於任何類型的組織,包括公私部門、任何規模或部門,以及任何專案、專案群及專案組合,無論其複雜度、規模或持續時間。

3 術語及定義Terms and definitions

3.1 100 % rule規則

child level of decomposition (3.20) of a work breakdown structure (3.96) element, which represents 100 % of the work applicable to the parent level

工作分解結構(3.96)元素的子層分解(3.20),代表父層級適用工作的100%。

Note 1 to entry: 100% 的規則適用於父元素和子元素。工作分解結構元素(3.98)的子層分解(3.20) 代表父層級適用工作的100%。

3.2 活動activity

identified piece of work that is required to be undertaken to complete a project (3.61), programme (3.54), portfolio (3.46) or other related work
為完成專案(3.61)、專案群(3.54)或專案組合(3.46)所需進行的已識別的小部份工作或其它相關工作。
註:也可認為是工作元素。
Note 1 to entry: It may also be considered as a work element.

3.3 實際成本actual cost

亦稱:完成工作實際成本actual cost of work performed
actual cost of work performed cost incurred for work performed
完成工作所產生的實際成本。

3.4 基線baseline

reference basis for comparison against which performance is monitored and controlled
對績效進行監督和控制的比較參考依據。

3.5 basis of estimate

documentation that supports the calculation of resources required to perform activities
支持計算執行活動所需資源的文件化。

3.6 收益benefit

created advantage, value or other positive effect
創造的優勢、價值或其他正向影響。

3.7 完工預算budget at completion

total forecasted cost for accomplishing the work related to a work package (3.99, 3.100), activity (3.2) or control account (3.14)
完成工作相關的工作包(3.99, 3.100)、活動(3.2)或控制帳目(3.14)之總預測成本。

3.8 營運論證案例business case

documented justification to support decision-making about the commitment to a project (3.61), programme (3.54) or portfolio (3.46)
用於支持對專案(3.61)、專案群(3.54)或專案組合(3.46)做出承諾的決策所提供的書面佐證說明。
註:按行業和專案階段,具體可形成立項佐證說明報告、專案建議書、商業計畫書、投資計畫書、可行性研究報告、開題報告、實施方案、方案報告、任務書等。

3.9 變更登記簿change register

record of all identified project (3.61) or programme (3.54) changes and their attributes.
所有已識別的專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)之各種變更事項及其屬性的紀錄。

3.10 變更申請change request

documentation that defines a proposed alteration to a project (3.61) or programme (3.54)
提議專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)做出變更的文件。

3.11 communication plan

documented description of communication activities planned to address the information needs of stakeholders (3.86).
為應對利害相關者(3.86)資訊需求而規劃的溝通活動之書面描述。

3.12 形態管理configuration management

application of procedures to control, correlate and maintain documentation, specifications and physical attributes
對控制、關聯和維護文件化、規格和實際屬性的程序應用方式。

3.13 控制 control

comparison of actual performance with planned performance, analysing variances (3.93), and taking appropriate corrective action (3.15, 3.16) and preventive action (3.51, 3.52) as needed.
將實際績效與規劃績效加以比較,分析偏差(3.93),並根據需要採取適當的矯正措施(3.15, 3.16)和預防措施(3.51, 3.52)。

3.14 控制帳戶control account

management control point where scope, budget, actual cost (3.3) and schedule of a project (3.61) or programme (3.54), work package (3.99, 3.100) or activity (3.2) are integrated.
管理控制點,整合專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)、工作包(3.99, 3.100)或活動(3.2)的範圍、預算、實際成本(3.3) 及進度。

3.15 矯正措施corrective action

<project management or programme management> direction and activity (3.2) for modifying the performance of work to bring performance in line with a plan
《專案管理、專案群管理》修正工作績效以使績效符合計畫的指導/方向和活動(3.2)。

3.16 矯正措施corrective action

<preventive action> action to eliminate the cause of a nonconformity and to prevent recurrence
《預防措施》消除不符合原因及防止再次發生的措施。

3.17 成本差異cost variance

measure of cost performance on a project (3.61) or programme (3.54)
對專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54) 量測成本績效。

3.18 要徑/關鍵路徑critical path

sequence of activities (3.2) that determine the earliest possible completion date for a project (3.61) or phase.
決定專案(3.61)或階段最早完成日期的活動(3.2)順序。

3.19 分解decomposition

iterative process to incorporate an increased level of detail as identified during the life cycle (3.74) of a project (3.61) or programme (3.54)
Note 1 to entry: It can be accomplished through a hierarchal, functional, or other method to achieve a manageable set of elements.
於專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)的生命週期(3.74)中識別出細緻劃分層級的詳細內容之迭代過程。
註1:此處可以透過階層式、功能性或其他方法來達成可管理的元素集合。

3.20 交付物deliverable

unique and verifiable element that is required to be produced by a project (3.61) or a programme (3.54)
需要從專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)產出的獨特且可查證的元素。

3.21 掙值earned value

budgeted cost of work performed 
value of completed work expressed in terms of the budget assigned to that work.

已完成工作的預算成本。
已完成工作價值按該工作所分配的預算的形式表示出來。

3.22 掙值管理earned value management

method that integrates project (3.61) or programme (3.54) scope, actual cost (3.3), budget and schedule for the assessment of progress and performance

整合專案(3.61)或專案群(3.54)範圍、實際成本(3.3)、預算和進度計畫,用於評鑑進展和績效的方法。

3.23 掙值管理規劃earned value management planning

delineation of the steps, methods and reporting necessary for the creation and tracking of the performance measurement baseline (3.44).
說明建立與追蹤績效衡量基準線(3.44)所需要的步驟、方法與報告事項。

3.24 掙值量測earned value measurements

掙值量度指標earned value metrics
metrics used to determine the earned value (3.21) of projects (3.61) or integrated programmes (3.54)
決定專案(3.61)或整合專案群(3.54)掙值(3.21)的指標。
註:將專案的工作量與實際完成的工作量對比於實際成本,用於評鑑專案績效。

3.25 完工估算estimate at completion

forecasted total cost to accomplish the work on a project (3.61), programme (3.54), work package (3.99, 3.100) or activity (3.2)
預測完成專案(3.61)、專案群(3.54)、工作包(3.99, 3.100)或活動(3.2)工作的總成本。

3.26 完工尚需估算estimate to complete

forecasted cost of the work remaining on a project (3.61), programme (3.54), work package (3.99, 3.100) or activity (3.2)
預測完成專案(3.61)、專案群(3.54)、工作包(3.99, 3.100)或活動(3.2)剩餘工作的成本。

3.27 治理governance

principles, policies and framework by which an organization is directed and controlled
組織受到指導與控制的原則、政策及架構。

3.28 治理機構governing body

person, group or entity accountable for the governance (3.27) of an organization, organizations or a part of an organization
對組織、多個組織或其部分擔負當責治理(3.27)的個人、團體或實體。

參考文件:

ISO 21506:2024

Project, programme and portfolio management — Vocabulary
專案、專案群及專案組合管理 — 術語

(未完,見續篇)