EU Regulation 2019/881 (Cybersecurity Act)
| 適合讀者:大學以上程度|法規、資訊、資安、工程、產業界從業人員 此文僅供個人參考與資訊喚回,尚非法律建議或符合性途徑。內文引用人工智慧網路平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。法規內容可能隨時間修訂,具體符合決策宜諮詢歐盟專業法律顧問或驗證機構。文中提及之市場資料係基於公開報告及邏輯估算,實際數值可能隨時變動。參考法規資訊截至2026年3月,後續修訂請查閱ENISA官方網站和EUR-Lex資料庫。 CC BY-SA 4。0。 |
十九、立法指引——產品排除與特別規定
19.1 產品排除的完整清單
以下ICT產品或系統類別依據現行EU法規,全部或部分排除於ECCF範疇之外:|
排除領域 |
說明 |
| 民用航空(EU 2018/1139) | 航空器、引擎、螺旋槳、飛行操控系統、ATM/ANS系統的ICT元件。驗證由EASA負責,採用DO-326A等航空安全標準而非ECCF。 |
| 船舶(EU 2016/1629) | 船舶及其設備的ICT系統由EMSA(歐洲海事安全局)架構處理,但2019/881不明確排除,存在灰色地帶。 |
| 軌道(EU 2016/797) | 鐵路系統的ICT驗證由ERA(歐盟鐵路局)架構主導,TSI CCS包含部分安全要求,與ECCF存在潛在整合空間。 |
| 醫療器材(MDR 2017/745, IVDR 2017/746) | 醫療器材的ICT/軟體元件主要依MDR附件I第17條(網路資訊安全要求),以及MDCG 2019-16指引。ECCF驗證可作為補充但非取代。 |
| 汽車(UN ECE WP.29/UNECE R155) | 聯網汽車網路資訊安全依UNECE R155(2022年強制適用),ISO/SAE 21434:2021為技術基礎。ECCF的汽車ICT驗證方案尚未建立。 |
| 國防/情報(TFEU第346條) | 涉及國家安全的軍事及情報ICT系統,成員國可依條約規定豁免,自行驗證。 |
| 核能(Euratom條約) | 核電廠ICS/SCADA系統依IAEA指引及成員國核能監管機構規定,ECCF不強制適用。 |
19.2 無人機(UAS)的特別分析
無人機的ICT安全監管是多重法規交叉的典型案例,涉及EU 2018/1139(基該CSA條例)、EU 2019/945(UAS設計製造)、EU 2019/947(UAS運行規則)等:|
無人機ICT安全的監管分層 |
| C類無人機(C0-C6): 機身設計安全(含ICT安全)依EU 2019/945及EASA授權規範,而非ECCF |
| U-space(UTM)系統: U-space服務提供商的ICT安全依EU 2021/664,ENISA正評估是否納入ECCF |
| 地面控制站(GCS): 若GCS為民用消費性電子產品,可能落入ECCF適用範圍(灰色地帶) |
| 遙控識別(Remote ID): EU 2019/945要求的遙控識別功能具有ICT安全含義,正討論是否需要ECCF驗證 |
| 現況:EASA與ENISA已就無人機ICT安全建立合作機制,但監管管轄權劃分尚未最終確定 |
二十、文獻參考
20.1 主要法規文件
● Regulation (EU)
2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on
ENISA and on information and communications technology cybersecurity
certification, OJ L 151, 7.6.2019
● Commission
Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/482 on the European Common Criteria-based
Cybersecurity Certification Scheme (EUCC), OJ L, 2024
● Directive (EU)
2022/2555 (NIS 2), OJ L 333, 27.12.2022
● Regulation (EU)
2016/679 (GDPR), OJ L 119, 4.5.2016
● Regulation (EU)
2024/1689 (EU AI Act), OJ L, 2024
● Regulation (EU)
2018/1139 on common rules in the field of civil aviation, OJ L 212, 22.8.2018
● Regulation (EU)
2019/945 on unmanned aircraft systems, OJ L 152, 11.6.2019
● Regulation (EU) 2022/2554 (DORA – Digital Operational Resilience Act), OJ L 333, 27.12.2022
20.2 ENISA官方文件
● ENISA. (2023).
ENISA Threat Landscape 2023. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity.
● ENISA. (2021).
ENISA Cybersecurity Certification Framework Overview.
● ENISA. (2022).
Cloud Cybersecurity Market Analysis (EUCS).
● ENISA. (2023).
Guidelines for Securing the Internet of Things.
● ENISA. (2021).
Guidelines on ICT Supply Chain Security.
● ENISA. (2023). European Vulnerability Database (EUVD) Launch Report.
20.3 標準文件
● ISO/IEC 15408
(Common Criteria), Parts 1-3, International Organization for Standardization.
● ISO/IEC TS
27103:2018, Information technology — Security techniques — Cybersecurity and
ISO and IEC Standards.
● ISO/IEC TS
27110:2021, Information technology, cybersecurity and privacy protection —
Cybersecurity framework development guidelines.
● ISO/IEC
27404:2022, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection —
Guidelines for IoT security.
● IEC 62443
series, Industrial automation and control systems security.
● ETSI EN 303 645,
Cyber Security for Consumer Internet of Things: Baseline Requirements.
● ISO/SAE 21434:2021, Road vehicles — Cybersecurity engineering.
20.4 學術文獻
● Timmers, P.
(2020). Ethics of AI and Cybersecurity When Sovereignty is at Stake. Minds and
Machines, 29(4), 635-645.
● Bendiek, A.,
& Römer, M. (2019). Externalizing Europe: The Global Effects of European
Data Protection Regulation. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 21(1),
32-43.
● Veiga, A. da.
(2022). EU Cybersecurity Act: Analysis and Implications for IoT. Journal of
Cyber Policy, 7(2), 145-162.
● Skierka, I. (2020). The Governance of Safety and Security Risks in Connected Healthcare. Computers & Security, 92, 101732.
20.5 政府與智庫報告
● European
Commission. (2023). Cybersecurity Certification: Questions and Answers. DG
CONNECT.
● Gartner. (2024).
Forecast: Information Security and Risk Management, Worldwide, 2021-2028.
● McKinsey &
Company. (2022). New Survey Reveals $2 Trillion Market Opportunity for
Cybersecurity Technology and Service Providers.
● EURACTIV. (2024). EUCS sovereign cloud requirement delays certification scheme. EURACTIV Media Network.
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