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2026年4月28日 星期二

無人機系統辭彙略輯(四之四)

ISO 21384-4:2025

Uncrewed aircraft systems — Part 4: Vocabulary 
無乘員航空器系統辭彙輯

(續前篇)

CC BY-NC-ND。非供AI模型訓練。
(內文引用人工智慧網路平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。非正式中文翻譯,宜參考ISO官網提供標準最新內容。)


3.67

Shape 形狀

horizontal projection on earth of a given object. 

給定物件在地球表面的水平投影。

3.68

solo flight time 單獨飛行時間

flight time (3.24) during which a student remote pilot is piloting (3.51) the remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) without receiving RPA flight instruction. 

飛行時間(3.24),指學生遠端飛行員在未接受RPA飛行指導的情況下駕駛遠端飛行器(RPA)。

3.69

state aircraft 國家飛行器

aircraft when carrying out military, customs, police, search and rescue, firefighting, coastguard or similar activities or services under the control and responsibility of a State, undertaken in the public interest by a body vested with public authority powers.

在執行軍事、海關、警察、搜救、消防、海岸警衛或類似活動或服務時,由擁有公共權力的機構以公共利益為之的飛行器。

3.70

supplemental data補充資料

reference information to conduct safe UA operation (3.78) such as geospatial information, meteorological information and so on. 

安全執行UA操作的參考資訊(3.78),如地理空間資訊、氣象資訊等。

3.71

surveillance volume 監視空間(長寬高的區域)

volume which describes the effective limits [e.g. range, elevation (3.15), azimuth] of the surveillance system. 

體積描述監視系統的有效限制[例如:距離、高度(3.15)、方位角]

3.72

Swarm 蜂群

two or more UA (3.80) whose motion is mutually and automatically coordinated, while the remote pilot controls all of them through a single remote pilot station.

兩個或以上的無乘員航空器(UA3.80),其動作可相互且自動協調,而遠端飛行員透過單一遠端飛行員停駐點控制所有這些裝置

3.73

Switchover 切換

operation that consists of performing the transfer command and control from one data link channel to another channel with the same remote pilot station. 

操作內容包括在同一遠端飛行員停駐點下,執行從一個資料鏈路通道到另一個通道的傳輸指令與控制。

3.74

tethered uncrewed aircraft 繫留無乘員航空器

tUA

UA (3.80) with range of movement limited by a tethering cable (3.76) and electrical power supplied by ground equipment conveyed through the tethering cable. 

無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80),活動範圍受限於繫留電纜(3.76),電力則由地面設備透過繫繩輸送。

3.75

tethered uncrewed aircraft system 繫留無乘員航空器系統

tUAS

UAS (3.83) comprised of a tUA (3.74) and associated components [e.g. tethering cable (3.76), winches, ground based electrical system and with a potential for data exchange]. 

無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)由繫留無乘員航空器tUA3.74)及相關元件組成(例如繫繩電纜(3.76)、絞盤、地面電氣系統,並具備資料交換潛力。

3.76

tethering cable繫繩電纜

cable that provides power and a mechanical constraint to a UA (3.80), and may also be able to exchange data with the UA. 

提供電力與機械約束給無乘員航空器(UA3.80)的電纜,且可能能與無乘員航空器(UA)交換資料。

3.77

transferring remote pilot 轉移遠端飛行員

remote pilot, who transfers responsibility for the continuation of flight, during handover to the next remote pilot station. 

遠端飛行員,負責在交接過程中將繼續飛行的責任轉移給下一個遠端飛行員站。

3.78

UA operation操作無乘員航空器

activity of UA (3.80) organized to execute a particular mission. 

無乘員航空器的活動(3.80)經組織起來以執行特定任務。

3.79

UAS geographical zone無乘員航空器地理區域

area defined by three-dimensional volume and effective period in which UA (3.80) flight is prohibited or authorization is required.

以三維體積及有效期間定義的區域,禁止(3.80)飛行(或需要授權)的無乘員航空器(UA)飛行。

3.80

uncrewed aircraft無乘員航空器

UA

aircraft which is designed to be operated remotely or autonomously.

設計為可遠端或自主操作的航空器。

3.81

uncrewed aircraft accident無乘員航空器事故

occurrence associated with the operation of an uncrewed aircraft (3.80) which takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until it comes to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which:

  • a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of direct contact with any part or exposure to any emission of the UA (3.80) or other component of the UAS (3.83), including parts which have become detached from the aircraft; or
  • b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which prevents safe operation

與無乘員航空器(3.80)操作相關聯的事件,發生期間介於從航空器準備飛行,直到飛行結束時停止下來,主推進系統關閉期間,在此期間:

a 因直接接觸或暴露於無乘員航空器(UA)3.80)或無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)的其他組件之排出物而引起致命或嚴重傷害,包括已脫落的零件;

b 航空器遭受損壞或結構失效,導致無法安全操作。  

3.82

uncrewed aircraft incident無乘員航空器事件

occurrence, other than an uncrewed aircraft accident (3.81), associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or can affect the safety of operation, including the loss of uncrewed aircraft (3.80) 

除無乘員航空器事故(3.81)外,與航空器操作相關且影響或可能影響操作安全,包括喪失無乘員航空器(UA)3.80)。

3.83

uncrewed aircraft system 無乘員航空器系統

UAS

aircraft and its associated elements which are operated remotely or autonomously.

航空器及其相關元件,可遠端或自主操作。

3.84

up-link

direct or indirect data link to the uncrewed aircraft (3.80) .

與無乘員航空器(UA)3.80)的直接或間接資料連結。

3.85

UTM designated operational coverage無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)指定營運覆蓋範圍

UTM DOC

volume within which a UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM) service is available in compliance with designation by competent authorities if applicable, with sufficient performance including availability, continuity, integrity and timeliness and, if applicable, with sufficient radio signal quality and protection from other users of the electromagnetic spectrum. 

在該空間範圍內,需依據主管機關指定的無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)服務,具備足夠的性能,包括可用性、連續性、完整性與時效性,且(如適用時)具備足夠的無線電訊號品質及來自其他使用者的電磁頻譜保護功能。

3.86

UTM function 無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)功能

function which constitutes UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM) and contributes to safe UA operation (3.78)

該功能構成無乘員航空器系統(3.83)交通管理(UTM),並有助於無乘員航空器運作(3.78)安全。

3.87

UTM functional structure無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)功能架構

UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM) structure in functional perspective which consists of mutual complementary and interacting UTM functions (3.86)

Note 1 to entry: to provide the service, the service provider (SP) uses facilities, trained and qualified staff, organizational procedures as well as systems and devices executing one or more functions.

無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)交通管理(UTM)架構,從功能觀點來看,包含互補且交互作用的無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)功能(3.86)。

1:為提供服務,服務提供者(SP)需使用設施、受過訓練且合格的人員、組織程序,以及實施一項或多項功能的系統與器材。

3.88

vertiport垂直港

infrastructure or system with supporting services and equipment intended for landing, ground-handling and take-off of crewed or uncrewed vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft.

具備支援服務與設備的基礎設施或系統,旨在用於載人或無人垂直起降(VTOL)航空器的起降、地面操作及起降

Note 1: The final take-off and landing area or the system can be located at any aerodrome (3.1) or anywhere else.

1:最終起降區或系統可設置於任何飛行場(3.1)或其他任何地方。

3.89

visual observer 目視觀察者

remotecrew member (3.55) who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of flight. 

遠端機組成員(3.55),透過目視觀察遠端飛行員操作的航空器,協助遠端飛行員安全飛行。


(全文竟)

2026年4月26日 星期日

無人機系統辭彙略輯(四之三)

ISO 21384-4:2025

Uncrewed aircraft systems — Part 4: Vocabulary 
無乘員航空器系統辭彙輯

(續前篇)

CC BY-NC-ND。非供AI模型訓練。
(內文引用人工智慧網路平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。非正式中文翻譯,宜參考ISO官網提供標準最新內容。)


3.35
lost link 失落鏈結

loss of command and control link contact with the uncrewed aircraft (3.80) such that the remote pilot can no longer manage the flight of the UA (3.80)
喪失無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)的指揮與控制鏈結,導致遠端飛行員無法再管理無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)的飛行。

3.36
magnetic declination 磁偏角

angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north and true north.
磁北方向與真北方向之水平面上的夾角。

補充說明:

圖8:磁偏角示意圖
【格線)= 地球經緯度的緯線,往上指向北半球的頂點。
【真北】=直線到地理北極(印刷式地圖和 GPS 所採用的北方,朝上)。
【磁北】=手持的羅盤指針指向的位置(地球磁場極點,朝上且帶有偏移角)。
兩者之間的夾角就是磁偏角(亦稱【赤緯】),它是在平坦地面(水平面)上測量的,並不涉及高度的變化。

3.37
crewed aircraft乘員航空器

aircraft which is intended or designed to be operated with at least one human pilot on board.
預期或設計上至少承載一名人類飛行員操作的航空器。

3.38
model aircraft模型航空器

UA (3.80) that is capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere and that is used exclusively for leisure flights, air displays, sport or competition activities.
無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)具備在大氣層中持續飛行的能力,僅限用於休閒飛行、空中表演、體育或競賽活動。

3.39
monitoring監督

process of observing on a regular basis over a period of time. 
持續一段時間、定期性觀察的過程。

3.40
national aviation authority國家航空管理局

government statutory authority in each country that oversees the approval and regulation of civil aviation.
每個國家的法定機關,負責監督民用航空的核准與法律規定。

3.41
non-cooperative aircraft未契合航空器

aircraft that do not have an electronic means of conspicuity (i.e. a transponder) aboard or not operating such equipment due to malfunction or deliberate action.
航空器上沒有電子式定位裝置(例如應答器),或因故障或蓄意行為而無法操作此類設備的航空器。

3.42
operation plan營運計畫

specified information provided UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM) service providers, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of a UA (3.80) 
向無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)提供特定資訊的無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)服務提供者,相對於無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)預期的既定航線或部分航線。

3.43
operation support service營運支援服務

web-based tools and information provided by a service provider (SP) to a UAS (3.83) operator or its staff, to support safe and efficient planning and execution of a flight mission, as well as and post-flight activities.
由服務提供者(SP)提供給無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)飛行員或其員工的網路工具與資訊,以支持安全且高效的飛行任務規劃與執行,以及飛行後活動。

Note 1: Operation support services cover a time span much wider than UAS traffic management (UTM) services. Although they support UAS operations, they are neither traffic management nor air navigation services.
註1:營運支援服務涵蓋的時間範圍遠比無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)服務更為廣泛。雖然它們支援無乘員航空器運作,但既非交通管理,也非航空導航服務。

3.44
operational volume 操作空間(長寬高的區域)

volume of airspace in which the aircraft is proposed to operate, defined by points on the ground and altitudes.
航空器擬在該處操作的空域面積,由地面點及高度定義出來。

3.45
operating manual操作手冊

publication issued by the manufacturer which contains detailed data and instructions related to the design, installation, operation and maintenance of equipment. 
由製造商發布的出版物,包含與設備設計、安裝、操作及維護相關的詳細資料與說明。
[SOURCE來源:ISO 10432:2004, 3.18]

3.46
operations manual操作手冊

publication issued by the operator under its responsibility, containing procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational personnel in the execution of their duties.
由營運者在其責任範圍內發行的出版物,內容包括作業人員執行分配之任務所需的程序、說明及指引。

3.47
optionally piloted aircraft可選擇由飛行員(操作的)航空器
OPA

aircraft that may be operated by an on-board pilot or by a remote pilot
該等航空器可由機上飛行員或遠端飛行員操作。

3.48
operational risk management營運風險管理
ORM

continual cyclic process which includes risk assessment, risk decision making and implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk.
持續循環的過程,包括風險評估、風險決策及風險控制措施的實施,最終導致風險的接受、緩解或避免。

3.49
payload有效載荷

all elements of an uncrewed aircraft (3.80) that are not necessary for flight but are carried for the purpose of fulfilling specific mission objectives.
所有無乘員航空器(3.80)中飛行非必需但為完成特定任務目標而攜帶的元素。

3.50
payload link 有效載荷連結
data link for up-linking command instructions to the uncrewed aircraft (3.80)payload (3.49) and down-linking payload data, which is not critical to the safe operation of the uncrewed aircraft system (3.83).
用於將指令向上傳送至無乘員航空器(3.80)有效載荷(3.49)及向下傳送有效載荷資料的資料鏈結路徑,後者對無乘員航空器系統(3.83)的安全運作並非關鍵事項。

3.51
pilot, verb(操作飛行器的)駕駛,動詞

manipulate the flight controls of an aircraft during flight time (3.24) 
在飛行時間(3.24)內操控航空器的飛行控制。

3.52
radio line-of-sight無線電可視直線
RLOS

direct electronic contact through radio waves between a transmitter and a receiver, when both are under the managerial control of a UAS (3.83) operator. 
當發射機與接收機皆由無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)飛行員管理時,透過無線電波進行直接電子接觸。

3.53
registration註冊

making an official record of UA (3.80), pilot and UA operation (3.78) in relevant authorities. 
在相關機構中,正式記錄了無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)、飛行員及無乘員航空器(UA)運作(3.78)。

3.54
remote co-pilot遠端副飛行員

remote pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as a remote PIC but excluding a remote pilot who is an operating crew member for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction. 
遠端飛行員指擔任除遠端機長外的任何飛行員職務,但排除作為操作機組成員、僅用於接受飛行指導的遠端飛行員。

3.55
remote crew member遠端機組成員

crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an uncrewed aircraft (3.80), during flight time (3.24) 
在飛行期間時(3.24)負責無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)操作必要任務的機組成員。

3.56
remote pilot-in-command遠端飛行員指揮官
RPIC

pilot designated by the operator, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight. 
由飛行員指定為指揮官,負責安全執行飛行任務。

3.57
remotely-piloted遠端飛行員操作

<of an aircraft> controlled from a pilot station which is not on board the aircraft.
<對某航空器而言>由不在航空器上的飛行員停駐點控制。

3.58
RPA observer

remotely-piloted aircraft observer遠端駕駛航空器的觀察者
remote crew member (3.55) who, by visual observation of the uncrewed aircraft (3.80), assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight.
遠端機組成員(3.55)透過目視觀察無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)協助遠端飛行員安全執行飛行。

3.59
remotely-piloted aircraft system 遠端駕駛航空器系統
RPAS

set of configurable components consisting of a remotely-piloted (3.57) aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links (C2 links) and any other system components as may be required, at any point during flight operation.
一組可配置的組件,包括遠端飛行員操作(3.57)的航空器、其相關的遠端駕駛停駐點、必要的指揮與控制鏈結(C2 鏈結)及其他任何可能需要的系統組件,在飛行操作過程中的任何時刻。

3.60
safety assurance安全保障

set of activities providing for system monitoring (3.39), measuring, assessment, and corrective action to assure the effectiveness of risk controls. 
提供系統監督(3.39)、衡量、評估及矯正措施以確保風險控制效能的活動。

3.61
safety-related UTM service與安全相關的 UTM 服務

UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM) service providing functions that have the potential to contribute to the violation of or achievement of a safety goal, but whose loss of degradation would not in itself produce catastrophic consequences .
無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)交通管理(UTM)服務提供的功能,這些功能可能有助於違反或達成安全目標,但其降低本身不會造成災難性後果。

3.62
safety management system安全管理系統 
SMS

systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures. 
系統化的安全管理方法,包括必要的組織架構、問責、政策與程序。

Note 1 to entry: Prescriptive, reactive, proactive, predictive and inter-organizational safety management and security management are described in ISO 23629-12.
註1:規範性、被動性、主動性、預測性及跨組織安全管理皆載於ISO 23629-12。

3.63
safety promotion 安全推廣

set of activities providing guidance for training and communication to promote safety as a core value in the organization 一系列活動,提供培訓與溝通指導,以促進安全作為組織的核心價值。

3.64
safety risk management 安全風險管理
SRM

set of activities using task analysis, hazard identification, risk analysis, and risk assessment to develop risk controls. 
利用任務分析、危害識別、風險分析及風險評估來發展風險控制的活動集合。

3.65
segregated airspace 隔離空域

airspace of specified dimensions allocated for exclusive use to a specific user(s).
指定尺寸的空域,專屬分配給特定使用者。

3.66
service level agreement 服務水準協議
SLA

enforceable agreement between the command and control link communication service provider (C2CSP) and the UAS (3.83) operator covering the safety, performance, coverage and security of the C2 link provision as required for the RPAS (3.59) operator’s intended operations.
指揮與控制鏈路通訊服務提供者(C2CSP)與無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)營運商間的可執行協議,涵蓋RPAS(3.59)營運商預期作業所需的C2連結安全、性能、覆蓋範圍及安全性。

(未完,見續篇)

2026年4月25日 星期六

無人機系統辭彙略輯(四之二)

ISO 21384-4:2025

Uncrewed aircraft systems — Part 4: Vocabulary
無乘員航空器系統辭彙

(續前篇)

CC BY-NC-ND。非供AI模型訓練。
(內文引用人工智慧網路平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。非正式中文翻譯,宜參考ISO官網提供標準最新內容。)


3.14
dual instruction time雙重指令時間

time during which a person is receiving instruction from a properly authorized remote pilot at the controls of the remote pilot station
特定的時間段,在該時間段,某個人員正接受由遠端操作站控制的具備適當授權之遠端飛行員指示。

3.15
elevation海拔高度

vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level.
從平均海平面測量一個點或平面的垂直距離,無論其懸垂或繫諸於地球表面。

3.16
eVTOL aircraft垂直起降航空器
electric vertical take-off landing aircraft電動垂直起降航空器

aircraft which is crewed or uncrewed (remotely or autonomously) operated and carries cargo or passengers or is used for aerial work.
乘員或無乘員(遠端或自主)操作的航空器,載運貨物或乘客,或使用在空中作業。

3.17
extended visual line-of-sight延伸視覺直線
EVLOS

operation beyond the unaided visual range of the remote pilot, but where the remote pilot is supported by one or more visual observers (3.89) 
操作範圍超出遠端飛行員的無輔助視野範圍,但遠端飛行員有一名或多位目視觀察者(3.89)支援。

3.18
external service外部服務

service and related provider, necessary for the safety of the UAS (3.83) flight, encompassing:
服務及相關提供者,為無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)飛行安全所必需,涵蓋下列事項:
  • command and control link communication service provider (C2CSP); 指揮與控制鏈路通訊服務提供者(C2CSP);
  • other operation support services (3.43), whose purpose is to support a single flight but not to manage traffic; 其他操作支援服務(3.43),其目的是支援單一飛行,但不管理交通;
  • UAS traffic management (UTM) services無乘員航空器交通管理(UTM)服務。

3.19
flight duty period 飛行值勤期間

period which commences when the first remote crew member (3.55) reports for duty that includes a flight or a series of flights and which finishes when the last remote crew member’s duty ends. 
此期間自第一位遠端機組員(3.55)報到,該值勤包含一班或數班連串飛行,終止於最後一位遠端機組員的值勤結束。

3.20
flight manual 飛行手冊

manual, acceptable by the local aviation authority, containing the order of actions in normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, checklists, limitations, performance information, details of the aircraft systems.
經當地航空主管機關認可的手冊,內容包含:正常、異常及緊急程序的措施順序、檢查清單、限制狀況、性能資訊及航空器系統細節。

3.21
flight plan 飛行計畫

specified information provided to air traffic service (ATS) units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
提供給空中交通服務(ATS)
單位的限定資訊,關於航空器的預定飛行或其中的一部分飛行。

3.22
flight route飛行航線

specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM). 
為提供無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)的交通管理(UTM),經過設計以按需引導交通暢流之用的限定航線。

3.23
flight termination system飛行終止系統

means and/or procedure triggered manually or automatically to initiate a pre-programmed action or a set of actions designed to terminate UA (3.80) flight, minimising risks to third parties.
手動或自動觸發的方式及/或程序,以啟動預先設定的動作或一組經過設計以終止無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)飛行的措施,將第三方風險降至最低。

3.24
flight time飛行時間

total time from the moment the on-board systems are activated with the intent to perform a flight, until the moment the on-board systems are de-activated. 
從機上系統啟動執行飛行的那一刻起,到機上系統停用為止,總和的時間。

3.25
geo-limitation地理限制

entity that represents area surrounded by virtual boundary lines in the real world.
現實世界中被虛擬邊界線包圍的區域所代表的實體。

3.26
geoid undulation大地起算水準面

height of the geoid relative to a given ellipsoid of reference.
相對於指定參考橢圓形體大地水準面的高度。

3.27
height above ellipsoid基於橢圓形體的高度

vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) ellipsoid.
根據世界大地測量系統1984(WGS 84)橢圓形體測量的點或水平面的垂直距離,無論其懸垂或繫諸於地球表面。

補充說明:

縮寫

說明

地理限制(Geo-limitation / Geofencing

是無人機內建的軟體/硬體功能,利用GPS經緯度資料自動限制飛行範圍。當無人機接近或進入預設禁飛區(機場、人口密集區、軍事區)時,系統會自動發出警告、降低速度、強制返航或迫降。

EASA明確定義:提供無人機位置與空域限制資訊,並可實際限制無人機進入特定區域(Geo-Zones)。DJI等商用無人機的GEO系統就是典型範例。地圖上通常以紅色/黃色多邊形或圓柱標示限制區,無人機一靠近就「被圍起來」。

大地起算水準面geoid undulation, N

是地球「平均海平面」(MSL)的重力等位面,但因質量分布不均而呈波浪狀起伏。

WGS84橢球面則是數學理想化的平滑橢球(GPS使用的參考面)。

N 就是兩者之間的垂直差異(可正可負,全球範圍約 -100 公尺至 +100 公尺)。

這是「隱形的高度修正值」,無人機若忽略此項差異,飛行高度就會偏差數十公尺。

基於橢圓形體的高度, height above ellipsoid, HAE

GPS/GNSS衛星直接量測的高度:從WGS84橢圓球面到無人機的垂直距離。

這是原始GPS資料,但航空界與無人機實際需要的是「平均海平面高度」(Orthometric height / AMSL / H)。



圖3及4:地理限制:
上圖FAA空域網格與DJI GEO區域地圖,清楚顯示無人機如何被「圍」在允許區內;

下圖EASA U-Space立體圖,以彩色圓柱標示不同限制層級,一眼看出「飛出去就違規」。


圖5及6:大地水準面起伏與HAE:


GPS曲線從地球表面量測,標示橢圓球面(平滑綠色曲線)、大地水準面(紅色曲線)、實際地表面(藍色曲線),並清楚標註 h(HAE)、H(正上方高度)、N(起伏距離) 與計算公式,讓人直觀地理解「為什麼GPS高度不等於海平面高度」。

3.28
heliport直升機港

aerodrome (3.1) or defined area on a structure intended to be used wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of helicopters of unlimited mass and performance [i.e. class C vertiport (3.88)].
飛行場(3.1)或建築物上的設定區域,預期供未限制重量與性能的直升機之到達、出發及表面移動[即C級垂直港(3.88)]。

Note 1 : Vertiport is an infrastructure or system with supporting services and equipment intended for landing, ground-handling and take-off of crewed or uncrewed vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. Helicopters belong to the VTOL family.
註1:垂直港(亦稱【垂直起降機場】)是一種基礎設施或系統,配備支援服務與設備,旨在為乘員或無乘員垂直起降(VTOL)航空器進行降落、地面操作及起飛。直升機屬於垂直起降(VTOL)家族。

Note 2 : EASA Special Condition SC-VTOL-01 defines a vertiport as an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and take-off of VTOL aircraft.
註2:EASA 特殊條件 SC-VTOL-01 將垂直起降機場定義為用於或擬用於垂直起降航空器起降的陸地、水域或建築物區域。

3.29
instrument approach儀器(協助型)進場

approach and landing operation using instruments for navigation guidance based on airborne, ground-based or satellite-based equipment or combination thereof
利用基於空中平台、地面基站或衛星搭載設備、或任意兩者組合使用的儀器協助導航操作之接近與著陸操作。

補充說明:
圖7:ILS(儀器降落系統)示意圖,內容呈現多項專業細節:
- 跑道號與航向:跑道 24,航向道 242°;
- 下滑道角度:標準 3°,由下滑信標台發射;
- DME位置與距離:標示出 DME 6.0 海浬、DME 3.0 海浬等距離參考點;
- 定位台:外層(OM)、中層(MM)、內層(IM)定位台皆有標示;
- 航向道與下滑道:清楚呈現航向道延伸線與下滑道角度交會點;
- 飛機進場方向與偏移量:入口偏移、機頭方向、量值標示完整。

3.30
instrument flight time儀器(協助型)飛行時間

time during which a pilot is piloting (3.51) an aircraft (solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points.
飛行員駕駛(3.51)航空器的時間,僅依照儀器協助,無外部參考點。

3.31
international vertiport國際垂直港

vertiport (3.88) designated by a state in whose territory it is situated, as a vertiport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out.
垂直港(3.88)係由其所屬國家指定為國際航空進出的垂直港,負責辦理海關、移民、公共衛生、動植物檢疫等相關程序。

3.32
in-time system-wide safety assurance及時的全系統安全保證
ISSA

safety net utilising system-wide information to provide alerting and to trigger mitigation strategies in time to address emerging risks. It is part of proactive safety management.
利用全系統性資訊提供警示,並及時觸發緩解策略以應對新興風險的安全網。此係主動型安全管理的一部分。

3.33
intruder入侵者

aircraft within the surveillance volume (3.71) but outside the self-separation threshold.
航空器位於監視空間(長寬高的區域)(3.71)範圍內,但超出自我隔離的限界值。

3.34
launch and recovery system發射與回收系統

system from which or by means of which an uncrewed aircraft (3.80) is launched or by which it is recovered.
從該系統發射或回收無乘員航空器(3.80)的系統。

(未完,見續篇)

2026年4月23日 星期四

無人機系統辭彙略輯(四之一)

ISO 21384-4:2025
Uncrewed aircraft systems — Part 4: Vocabulary 
無乘員航空器系統

CC BY-NC-ND。非供AI模型訓練。
(內文引用人工智慧網路平臺提供資訊,經由整合篩選與文字調整。非正式中文翻譯,宜參考ISO官網提供標準最新內容。)


3.1
Aerodrome 飛行場

defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.
陸地或水域(包括任何建築物、設施及設備)的指定區域,旨在全部或部分供航空器進場、離場及地面移動使用。

3.2
aerodrome pilot 飛行場飛行員

remote pilot familiar with a defined aerodrome (3.1) or landing site, which transfers responsibility to another pilot a few minutes after take-off or accepts responsibility for approach, landing and possibly taxing and parking.
熟悉指定飛行場(3.1)或降落地點的遠端飛行員,起飛後幾分鐘內將責任轉移給另一位飛行員,或者係(從原先的飛行員轉移過來而)承擔進場、降落,及可能的滑行與停靠任務。

3.3

airspace management 空域管理
ASM

planning function with the primary objective of maximizing the utilization of available airspace by dynamic time-sharing and, at times, the segregation of airspace among various categories of users based on short-term needs, while securing aviation safety.
規劃功能的主要目標是透過動態時間共享,以及有時根據短期需求將空域劃分為不同使用者類別,最大化可用空域的利用率,同時保障航空安全。

3.4
ATS communication link ATS通訊連結
air traffic service communication link 空中交通服務通訊連結

digital or analogue communication link to transfer voice or data between remote crew members (3.55), air traffic service, airspace users and other airspace users.
數位或類比通訊連結,用於遠端機組人員(3.55)、空中交通服務、空域使用者及其他空域使用者間傳送語音或資料。
Note 1 : It includes air-ground, air-to-air and ground-ground links.
註1:包含空對地、空對空及地對地的連結。

3.5
beyond visual line-of-sight 超視域界範圍
BVLOS

operation of a UAS (3.83) other than visual line-of-sight operation in which neither the remote pilot nor any observer use visual reference to the uncrewedaircraft (3.80) in the conduct of flight.
無無乘員航空器系統的操作(UAS)(3.83)非視覺視距界操作,且在飛行過程中,無論是遠端飛行員還是任何觀察者,都不使用無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)
的視覺參考

補充說明:

縮寫

說明

VLOS視線內

飛行員(即【無人機操作員】)必須全程以肉眼(不使用望遠鏡、雙筒鏡或其他視覺輔助)直接看到無人機。通常有效距離約500公尺。

此係最基本的操作模式,大多數休閒與小型商用無人機皆須遵守,以確保飛行員能即時避開障礙、其他航空器或發生碰撞情形。

EVLOS延伸視線

VLOS的延伸版本。飛行員無法全程以肉眼看到無人機,但可透過訓練有素的目視觀察者(Visual Observers)或有限視覺輔助(如雙筒望遠鏡),將監控範圍擴大。觀察者與飛行員需保持通訊,共同維持「視覺接觸」。欲避免碰撞仍依賴人類眼睛,而非單純依賴科技。此種方式得以使無人機飛得更遠(可達數公里),但仍屬「視覺操作」範疇,常見於需要中等距離任務的場合。

BVLOS超視線

無人機完全飛出飛行員及任何觀察者的視線範圍之外。飛行員無法用眼睛看到無人機,必須完全依賴科技設備(如:即時攝影機回傳、雷達感測器、自動避障系統、GPS定位與通訊鏈路)來控制與監控。這是先進應用(如長距離物流配送、基礎設施巡檢、搜救)的核心模式,但安全風險較高,通常需要航空主管機關(如FAACAA或民航局)的特殊許可或豁免。


圖1:圓柱體示意圖:中央為VLOS(飛行員直接視覺範圍),右側EVLOS(觀察者輔助延伸區),左側BVLOS(完全超出視界)。

3.6
CNS
communications, navigation, and surveillance system 通訊、導航與監視系統

system employing digital technologies, including satellite systems together with various levels of automation.
採用數位技術的系統,包括衛星系統及各種自動化層級。

3.7
collision boundary 碰撞邊界

closest point of approach or minimum distance to be achieved between two aircrafts to ensure that a collision is avoided taking account of any inaccuracies in the system.
兩架航空器之間最近的接近點或最小距離,以確保避免碰撞,並考慮系統中的錯誤。

3.8
collision volume 碰撞空間(亦稱【碰撞體積】,以長寬高定義出來的區域)

cylindrical volume of airspace centred on the uncrewed aircraft (3.80) with a horizontal radius and vertical height within which a collision is most likely and avoidance of a collision can only be considered a matter of chance.
以無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)為中心的空域圓柱體積,具有水平半徑與垂直高度,該範圍內碰撞最有可能發生,避免碰撞只能視為機率問題。

補充說明:

縮寫

說明

碰撞空間

以無人機為中心的固定三維空域體積(最常見為圓柱形)。

如果另一架航空器(入侵者)進入或穿透此體積,就視為碰撞發生。

典型規格(常見於DAA系統):

l   水平半徑:約500英尺(152公尺)

l   垂直高度:±100英尺(±30公尺)

這是「最後一道防線」:一旦入侵者穿透,即等同實際碰撞風險。系統會在此層級強制執行緊急避讓機制動作。

碰撞邊界

碰撞體積的外圍表面,或稱「最近接觸及點」(Closest Point of Approach)的分離邊界。

當入侵者接近或穿越此邊界時,DAA系統就會:

l   發出警報

l   啟動碰撞避免演算法

l   命令無人機改變航向/高度

它就像碰撞體積的「皮膚」,區分「還算安全」與「即將碰撞」的臨界線。


圖2:層狀圓柱模型圖:顯示完整的防護層結構,由外到內:

  • 最外層大圓柱:ATM分離保證體積(空中交通管理分離保證體積   Air Traffic Management Separation Assurance Volume)
  • 中間虛線:自保護分離閾值(Self Separation Threshold),代表侵入者處於「威脅」狀況
  • 再內層:防止碰撞閾值(Collision Avoidance Threshold),又稱【淨空牆】(Wall Clean)
  • 最內層紅色小圓柱:碰撞體積(Collision Volume,約304.8公尺(1000 ft)直徑,61公尺(200)高度)
入侵者越靠近內層,危險越高,最內層穿透即意指【碰撞】!

3.9
constituent 構成

tangible objects such as hardware and intangible objects such as software upon which the provision of UAS (3.83) traffic management (UTM) services depends.
有形物件如硬體,以及無形物件如軟體,此等物件的提供係依賴於無乘員航空器系統(UAS)(3.83)流量管理(UTM)服務。

3.10
crew resource management 機組資源管理
CRM

utilisation of all resources available to the remote crew members (3.55) to manage human error.
利用遠端機組人員(3.55)可運用的所有資源管理人為錯誤。

3.11
down-link 下行連結

direct or indirect data link from the uncrewed aircraft (3.80) to one or more peers.
無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)與一個或多個對等機之間的直接或間接資料鏈結路徑。

3.12
drone 無人機

uncrewed system which is remotely or autonomously operated and does not carry passengers.
無乘員系統,可遠端或自主操作,並不載客。

3.13
droneport 無人機港

aerodrome (3.1), including vertiports (3.88), exclusively dedicated to landing, ground-handling and take-off of uncrewed aircrafts (3.80) 
飛行場(3.1),包括垂直港(3.88),專門用於無乘員航空器(UA)(3.80)的降落、地面操作及起飛。

Note 1 : The droneport does not serve crewed fixed wings aeroplanes.
註1:該無人機港不服務載人固定翼飛機。

(未完,見續篇)